Idioma rayastani para niños

Datos para niños Rayastaní
' राजस्थानी / Rājasthānī '
Hablado en	India  Pakistán
Región	Rayastán, Sindh
Hablantes	20 millones (2000–2003) 50 millones si se incluye el marwari
Familia	Indoeuropeo   Indo-iranio     Indo-ario       Central         Centroccidental           Rayastani-Marwari             Rajasthani
Escritura	devanagari
Estatus oficial
Oficial en	Rajasthán (Cooficial en Rajastán)
Códigos
ISO 639-2	raj

El rājasthānī o rayastani (en alfabeto devanagari:राजस्थानी) es una lengua indoaria centroccidental. El rayastani, propiamente dicho tiene unos 20 millones de hablantes en Rayasthán y los estados vecinos de India y Pakistán. Si se incluyen, como se hace con frecuencia, dentro del rayastani otras variedades lingüísticas relacionadas, entre ellas las variedades de marwari que son muy cercanas, entonces el número de hablantes es de unos 50 millones. Es una de las lenguas derivadas del antiguo gujarati (también llamado maru-gujar o maruwani), siendo el otro gran grupo derivado del antiguo gujarati, el moderno gujarati.

Aspectos históricos, sociales y culturales

Historia

En antiguo guyarati (también llamado maru-gujar, maruwani o gujjar bakha) (1100 AD — 1500 AD), es el antecesor de las variedades guyaratis y rayastanis, hablado por los gujar de Guyarat y Rayastán. Los textos de ese período muestran características típicas del guyarati como la diferencia entre formas nominales en caso directo y en caso oblicuo, la presencia de postposiciones y verbos auxiliares. Además en dicho estadio la lengua distinguía tres valores para el género gramatical (como sigue manteniéndose en guyarati moderno). Hacia el 1300 surgió una forma estandarizada de esta lengua, que algunos autores prefieren llamar antiguo rayastani occidental, usando el argumento de que guyarati y el rayastani no eran lenguas diferentes en esa época. El monje y erudito janista Hemachandra Suri escribió una gramática forma de esta lengua durante el reinado de Siddharaj Jayasinh de la dinastía Solanki de Anhilwara (Patan).

Distribución geográfica

La mayor parte de las variedades de rayastani se hablan en el estado de Rayasthán aunque también existen variedades en Guyarat, Haryana y el Punyab.

Variantes

Frecuentemente junto con el rayastani propiamente dicho se consideran otras variedades como dialectos o como lenguas rayastaníes relacionadas, entre ellas están:

• Bagri
• Gade Lohar
• Gujari
• Malvi
• Wagdi
• Lambadi

Estatus oficial

En el pasado, la lengua hablada en Rayastán se consideró como un dialecto de hindi occidental (Kellogg, 1873). George Abraham Grierson (1908) fue el primer estudioso que usó la denominación Rajasthani para esta lengua, que previamente se conocía por el nombre de sus diferentes dialectos. Hoy en día, sin embargo, la Sahitya Akademi, la Academia Nacional de Letras y la Comisión de Becas Universitarias de India lo reconocen como una lengua independiente. Además se enseña como tal en las universidades de Jodhpur y Udaipur. El Consejo de Educación Secundaria de Rayastán incluyó el Rayastani como materia optativa desde 1973. Desde 1947, muchos movimientos han estado promoviendo su aceptación social en Rayastán, pero algunas personas todavía lo consideran como un 'dialecto' del hindi. Más recientemente, el gobierno de Rayasthán le ha dado la categoría de lengua oficial del estado, aunque todavía no existe una gramática de referencia o un diccionario moderno basado en el uso real en Rayastán, aunque actualmente se está trabajado en una gramática descriptiva del rayastani.

. It merges with Riasti and Saraiki in Bahawalpur and Multan areas, respectively. It also comes in contact with Sindhi from Dera Rahim Yar Khan through Sukkur and Ummerkot. Many linguists (particularly Gusain, 2000b and Shackle, 1976) agree that it shares many phonological (implosives), morphological (future tense marker and negation) and syntactic features with Riasti and Saraiki. However, further inquiry is needed.

Sistema de escritura

In India, Rajasthani is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida which is written from left to right. Besides, Muriya script was also in use for business purposes only. In Pakistan, where Rajasthani is considered a minor language, a variant of the Sindhi script is used to write Rajasthani dialects.

Descripción lingüística

Fonología

Rajasthani has 10 vowels and 31 consonants. Three lexical tones: Low, Mid, High (Gusain 2000). Three implosives (b, d, g). Abundance of Front Open Vowel (e.g., javɛ, Khavɛ..)

Morfología

Rajasthani has two numbers and two genders. Three cases. Postpositions are of two categories—inflexional and derivational. Derivational mostly omitted in actual discourse. (Gusain 2003)

Sintaxis

• Rajasthani belongs to the languages that mix three types of case marking systems:nominative – accusative: transitive (A) and intransitive (S) subjects have similar case marking, different from that of transitive object (O); absolutive-ergative (S and O have similar marking, different from A), tripartite (A, S and O have different case marking). There is a general tendency existing in the languages with split nominal systems: the split is usually conditioned by the referents of the core NPs, the probability of ergative marking increasing from left to right in the following nominal hierarchy: 1-st person pronouns – second person pronouns – demonstratives and third person pronouns – proper nouns – common nouns (human – animate – inanimate).(Dixon 1994). Rajasthani split case marking system partially follows this hierarchy:first and second person pronouns have similar A and S marking, the other pronouns and singular nouns are showing attrition of A/S opposition.
• Agreement: 1. Rajasthani combines accusative/tripartite marking in nominal system with consistently ergative verbal concord: the verb agrees with both marked and unmarked O in number and gender (but not in person — contrast Braj). Another peculiar feature of Rajasthani is the split in verbal concord when the participial component of a predicate agrees with O-NP while the auxiliary verb might agree with A-NP. 2. Stative participle from transitive verbs may agree with the Agent. 3. Honorific agreement of feminine noun implies masculine plural form both in its modifiers and in the verb.
• In Hindi and Punjabi only a few combinations of transitive verbs with their direct objects may form past participles modifying the Agent: one can say in Hindi:‘Hindii siikhaa aadmii’ - ‘a man who has learned Hindi’ or ‘saaRii baadhii auraat’ - ‘a woman in sari’, but *‘kitaab paRhaa aadmii ‘a man who has read a book’ is impossible. Semantic features of verbs whose perfective participles may be used as modifiers are described in (Dashchenko 1987). Rajasthani seems to have less constrains on this usage, compare bad in Hindi but normal in Rajasthani.
• Rajasthani has retained an important feature of ergative syntax lost by the other representatives of Modern Western NIA, namely, the free omission of Agent NP from the perfective transitive clause.
• Rajasthani is the only Western NIA language where the reflexes of OIA synthetic passive have penetrated into the perfective domain.
• Rajasthani as well as the other New Indo-Aryan languages shows deviations from Baker’s ‘mirror principle’, that requires the strict pairing of morphological and syntactic operations (Baker 1988). The general rule is that the ‘second causative’ formation implies a mediator in the argument structure. However, some factors block addition of an extra agent into the causative construction.
• In the typical Indo-Aryan relative-correlative construction the modifying clause is usually marked by a member of the “J” set of relative pronouns, adverbs and other words, while the correlative in the main clause is identical with the remote demonstrative (except in Sindhi and in Dakhini). Gujarati and Marathi frequently delete the preposed “J” element. In Rajasthani the relative pronoun or adverb may also be deleted from the subordinate clause but – as distinct from the neighboring NIA – relative pronoun or adverb may be used instead of correlative.
• Relative pronoun ‘jakau’ may be used not only in relative/correlative constructions, but also in complex sentences with “cause/effect” relations.

Estudiosos de rayastani

Linguists and their work and year: [Note: Works concern only with Linguistics Not with Literature]

• Anvita Abbi: Bagri, 1993
• Christopher Shackle: Bagri and Saraiki, 1976
• David Magier: Marwari, 1983
• George Abraham Grierson : Almost all the dialects of Rajasthani, 1920
• George Macalister: Dhundhari and Shekhawati, 1892
• Gopal Parihar: Bagri, 2004–present
• John D. Smith: Rajasthani, 1970–present
• J. C. Sharma: Gade lohar, Bagri or Bhili, Gojri, 1970–present
• Kali Charan Bahl: Rajasthani, 1971–1989
• K. C. Agrawal: Shekhawati, 1964
• L. P. Tessitori: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1914–16
• Lakhan Gusain: all the dialects of Rajasthani, 1990–present
• Liudmila Khokhlova: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1990–present
• Narottam Das Swami: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1960
• Peter E. Hook: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1986
• Ram Karan Asopa: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1890–1920
• Sita Ram Lalas: Rajasthani language, 1950–1970
• Saubhagya Singh Shekhawat Rajasthani, : Rajasthani Shabd-Kosh part I Sanshodhan Parivardhan, 1945–present
• Suniti Kumar Chatterjee: Rajasthani, 1948–49
• W.S. Allen: Harauti and Rajasthani, 1955–60

Trabajos sobre el rayastnaí

• Agrawal, K.C. 1964. Shekhawati boli ka varnatmak adhyayan. Lucknow: Lucknow University
• Allen, W.S. 1957. Aspiration in the Harauti nominal. Oxford: Studies in Linguistics
• Allen, W.S. 1957. Some phonological characteristics of Rajasthani. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 20:5-11
• Allen, W.S. 1960. Notes on the Rajasthani Verb. Indian Linguistics, 21:1-13
• Asopa, R.K. 1950. Marwari Vyakaran. Jaipur: Popular Prakashan
• Bahl, K.C. 1972. On the present state of Modern Rajasthani Grammar. Jodhpur: Rajasthani Shodh Samsthan, Chaupasani (Rajasthani Prakirnak Prakashan Pushp, 5)
• Bahl, K.C. 1980. aadhunik raajasthaani kaa sanracanaatamak vyaakaran . Jodhpur: Rajasthani Shodh Samsthan
• Chatterji, S.K. 1948. Rajasthani Bhasha. Udaipur: Rajasthan Vidayapith
• Grierson, George A. 1918. Linguistic Survey of India (Volume VIII, Part II). Calcutta: Government of India Press
• Gusain, Lakhan. 1994. Reflexives in Bagri. M.Phil. dissertation. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University
• Gusain, Lakhan. 1999. A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri. Ph.D. dissertation. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2000a. Limitations of Literacy in Bagri. Nicholas Ostler & Blair Rudes (eds.). Endangered Languages and Literacy. Proceedings of the Fourth FEL Conference. University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 21–24 September 2000
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2000b. Bagri. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 384)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2001. Shekhawati. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 385)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2002. Endangered Language: A Case Study of Sansiboli. M.S. Thirumalai(ed.). Language in India, Vol. 2:9
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2003. Mewati. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 386)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2004. Marwari. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 427)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2005. Mewari. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 431)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2006. Dhundhari. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 433)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2007. Harauti. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 434)
• Gusain, Lakhan. 2008. Wagri. München: Lincom Europa (Languages of the World/Materials, 437)
• Hook, Peter and Man Singh Mohabbat Singh Chauhan. 1986. Grammatical Capture in Rajasthani. Scott DeLancey and Russell Tomlin, (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Pacific Linguistics Conference. Eugene: Deptt. of Linguistics. 203-20
• Hook, Peter and Man Singh Mohabbat Singh Chauhan.1988. The Perfective Adverb in Bhitrauti. Word 39:177-86
• Hook, Peter and Man Singh Mohabbat Singh Chauhan. 1988. On the Functions and Origin of the Extended Verb in Southern Rajasthani. Gave.sa.naa 51:39-57
• Khokhlova, Liudmila Viktorovna. in press. "Infringement of Morphological and Syntactic Operations' Pairing in "Second Causative" Formation (Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi, Gujarati, Rajasthani)." Indian Linguistics 64.
• Khokhlova, Liudmila. 2001 Ergativity Attrition in the history of western New Indo-Aryan Languages (Panjabi, Gujarati, Rajasthani). In The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. Tokyo Symposium on South Asian Languages. Contact, Convergence and Typology. Edpp.158–184, ed. by P. Bhaskararao & K.V. Subbarao. New Delhi-London: Sage Publication
• Lalas, S.R. 1962-78. Rajasthani Sabad Kol. 9 Volumes. Jodhpur: Rajasthani Shodh Samsthan
• Macalister, George. 1898. A Dictionary of the Dialects Spoken in the State of Jeypore. 1st edition. Allahabad: Allahabad Mission Press
• Magier, David S. 1983. Topics in the Grammar of Marwari. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California
• Magier, David S. 1984. Transitivity and valence: Some lexical processes in Marwari. Berkeley Linguistic Society 10
• Magier, David S. 1985. Case and Transitivity in Marwari. Arlene R.K. Zide, David Magier & Eric Schiller (eds.). Proceedings of the Conference on Participant Roles: South Asia and Adjacent Areas. An Ancillary Meeting of the CLS Regional Meeting, April 25, 1984, University of Chicago. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Linguistics Club. 149-59
• Miltner, V. 1964. Old Gujarati, Middle Gujarati, and Middle Rajasthani sentence structure. Bharatiya Vidya 24:9-31
• Sakaria, B. & B. Sakaria. 1977. Rajasthani-Hindi Shabda-Kosh. Jaipur: Panchsheel Prakashan
• Shackle, Christopher (1976). The Saraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
• Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies 11 (3): 279–403.
• Smith, J.D. 1975. An Introduction to the Language of the Historical Documents from Rajasthan. Modern Asian Studies 9.4:433-64
• Swami, N.D. 1960. Sankshipta Rajasthani Vyakaran. Bikaner: Rajasthani Research Institute
• Swami, N.D. 1975. Rajasthani Vyakaran. Bikaner: Navyug
• Tessitori, L.P. 1914-16. Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani. Indian Antiquary:43-5

Véase también

En inglés: Rajasthani languages Facts for Kids

• List of Rajasthani Poets
• Rajasthani literature
• Rajasthani people-->

Comparación léxica

Los numerales en diferentes variedades rayastaníes son:

GLOSA	Bagri	Dhatki	Gade Lohar	Gujari	Lamani	Marwari	Shekhawati	PROTO- RAJASTHANI
'1'	ek	hɛk	ek	ek	ek	hek	ek	*ek
'2'	do	ɓʌ	be	do	di	ɓe	do	*ɗui
'3'	tin	t̪ʌn	tin	trɛ	tin	tɪn	tin	*tin
'4'	ʧyar	ʧɑr	ʧyar	ʧar	ʧyar	ʧɑr	ʧyar	*ʧyar
'5'	pãʧ	pʌnʤ	pãʧ	pənʤ	panʧ	pɑnʧ	pãnʧ	*panʧ
'6'	ʧʰɛ	ʧʰʌ	ʧʰəh	ʧʰe	ʧʰo	ʧʰe	ʧʰɛ	*ʧʰa
'7'	sat	sʌt	hat	sət	sat	hɑt	sat	*sat
'8'	aʈʰ	ʌʈʰ	aʈʰ	əʈʰ	ãʈ	ɑʈʰ	aʈʰ	*aʈʰ
'9'	no	nʌw	nəw	nɔ̃	nəw	no	no	*nəw
'10'	dəs	ɗʌh	dɛh	dəs	dəs	ɗəx	dəs	*dəs