Archivo: Fimmu-11-579250-g003

Description: Key components of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. The adaptive immune response is activated following viral uptake and antigen processing by a range of APCs. The APCs present viral antigen to B cells which then differentiate into antibody producing plasma cells. The neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) then bind to key viral proteins, such as the spike protein, and neutralize their activity. Other Ab-mediated antiviral functions include antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and antibody dependent complement activation (ADCA). Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells kill virally infected cells via the production of granzymes and perforin and the expression of Fas ligand (FasL), all of which mediate cellular apoptosis. A series of CD4+ T cell populations are involved in the adaptive cellular response to SARS-CoV-2. Follicular helper T cells (TFH) and Th2 CD4+ T cells both provide help for B cell antibody production. Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells are also thought to play a role in the inflammatory response and viral killing. CD4+ regulatory T cells have been implicated with an immunoregulatory role in SARS-CoV-2 infection via the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and contact-mediated cellular suppression. Whether CD8+ Tregs and Bregs play a role is not currently known.
Title: Fimmu-11-579250-g003
Credit: Flanagan KL, Best E, Crawford NW, Giles M, Koirala A, Macartney K, Russell F, Teh BW and Wen SCH (2020) Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines. Front. Immunol. 11:579250. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250
Author: Katie L. Flanagan, Emma Best, Nigel W. Crawford, Michelle Giles, Archana Koirala, Kristine Macartney, Fiona Russell, Benjamin W. Teh, and Sophie CH Wen, on behalf of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID) Vaccination Special Interest group (VACSIG)
Usage Terms: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
License: CC BY 4.0
License Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attribution Required?: Yes